Introduction: Kojic acid with the chemical structure of 5-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-ˠ-Piron is an organic acid that is biologically produced through aerobic fermentation process by using various substrates and via the function of variety of fungi. This study was aimed to study the optimization of Kojic acid production by Locally Isolated Fungi Aspergillus sp., using ‘response surface methodology’.Materials and methods: Kojic acid was produced by fermentation of isolated strain of genus Aspergillus in submerged culture medium. Initial investigation in Kojic acid production process was performed via Plackett-Burman method and by using different nitrogen sources such as yeast extract, peptone, ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, urea as well as different carbon sources, including fructose, sucrose, glucose, lactose and maltose.Results: Based on our study, peptone and glucose were the most effective factors with carbon and nitrogen sources in production of kojic acid (P<0.05). The next step was production of 34.4g/L kojic acid by optimizing the effect of environmental factors such as temperature, pH, glucose and peptones, such as carbon and nitrogen sources, used in production of kojic acid and by employing ‘response surface methodology’.Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the maximum production of kojic acid can be achieved by using; glucose (%8.71), peptone (37.4%), temperature (29.9oC) and adjusting pH to 6.75 in the production process.

In this paper, a novel structure of a axial flux switching machines for use in wind speed turbines at low speeds has been proposed, which in addition to the previous advantages, has a simple and economical design for the production of this type of machines. In this proposed machine, the magnets are placed on the surface of stator, and the three-phase winding is located in the space between the magnets. After designing according to the criteria like increasing electromotive force, reducing the cogging torque and reducing the total harmonic distortion, using the design of experiments and the surface response method combined with the finite element software, the appropriate dimensions are selected and the machine is optimized. To test the design accuracy, a prototype model is also made.

In the 1980s, Genichi Taguchi, a Japanese quality advisor, claimed that most of the variability affiliated with the response could be attributed to the company of unmanageable (noise) factors. In some practical cases, his modeling proposition evidence leads the quality improvement to many runs in a crossed array. Hence, several researchers have em-braced noteworthy attitudes of response surface methodology along with the robust parameter design action as alternatives to Taguchi's plan. These alternatives model the response's mean and variance corresponding to the combination of control and noise factors in a combined array to accomplish a robust process or production. Indeed, using response surface methods to the robust parameter design minimises the impression of noise factors on assembling processes or productions. This paper intends to develop further modeling of the predicted response and variance in the presence of noise factors based on unbiased and robust estimators. Another goal is to design the experiments according to the optimal designs to improve these estimators' accuracy and precision simultaneously.

Introduction: The present study aimed to explore the effective resources in the emergency department and present an optimal combination of these resources using the Meta-Modeling optimization approach to reduce the waiting times for patients visiting emergency department. methods: The research model was based on the response surface method and designed experiments. The dependent variable, the average waiting time for patients visiting emergency department, was made through the implementation of the created experiments of factor design in the simulated model. Patient data were collected from archived files from 3rd of April 2017 to 9th of September 2017. Results: The results indicated that Community health workers and beds were significant in the estimate function of average waiting time for patients. Although the effects of other major variables (emergency secretary, nurses and cardiologists) were not statistically significant, they were deliberately used in this model to determine the optimal combination of these variables created by solving the problem. Conclusion: Optimization of Patients waiting time in the emergency department was performed using simulation, Design of Experiment and Regression Meta-model. The reduction of waiting time and the expenditure in the emergency department caused by the optimal waiting time was, 49/6% and 51%, respectively.

Optimization of the sectional wing in ground effect (WIG) has been studied using ahigh order numerical procedure and response surface method (RSM). Initially, the effects of the ground clearance, angle of attack, thickness, and camber of wing have been investigated by a high-resolutionscheme, which is highlystrong and accurate. In the numerical simulation, Normalized Variable Diagram (NVD) scheme is applied to the boundedness criteria. In the optimization process, lift to drag ratio (L/D) is considered as an objective function and static conditions and shape parameters are noticeable to be considered as design variables, Ths is because the main factor in the design of WIG vehicles is moving near the ground and the distance to the ground draws attention to the significance of it.Therefore, the static conditions strenuously defend this view that they are irrefutable parameters in the aerodynamic optimization of WIG vehicles. Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Interface System (ANFIS) is employed to generate the surface response, because the objective function and constraints are particularlynoisy. Sensitivity analysis is also done and the sensitivity amount of the objective function from design variables is explored.

Monastrol is an Eg5 inhibitor that induces mitotic arrest and apoptosis. The efficiency of the Biginelli reaction for Monastrol synthesis can be enhanced by utilizing a subcritical EtOH. The response surface method was employed to optimize the synthesis yield of subcritical EtOH by varying the parameters of temperature, pressure, and reaction time. The synthesis yield of Monastrol using the optimum subcritical EtOH method was compared with the flux method, both utilizing three different catalysts: sodium hydrogen sulfate, hydrochloric acid, and ytterbium trifluoromethanesulfonate. The synthesis yield of Monastrol using the optimum subcritical EtOH method was found to be significantly higher compared to the flux method. Furthermore, the catalysts sodium hydrogen sulfate and ytterbium trifluoromethanesulfonate exhibited improved synthesis yield in comparison to the acid-catalyzed reactions. Additionally, the findings obtained from thin-layer chromatography confirmed the results obtained from LC-MS analysis. This innovative approach can be extended to other heteroaromatic aldehydes

Introduction: Micropropagation is important for both multiplication and preservation of a wide range of nursery plants, including many fruit crops. A number of studies exist on optimization of growth in in vitro condition for one or two cultivars, but often these results cannot be used for the other genotypes because individual cultivars may differ greatly in their requirements. Therefore, genotype-specific medium are usually empirically developed for many plants including pear. Pear cultivars and species are often recalcitrant to tissue culture manipulations and Murashige and Skoog (23) (MS) basal nutrient medium at full or half strength or with slight modifications is the most media were used. The QL, DKW, and WPM media are also used and they differ mostly in types or amounts of calcium and nitrogen in compared with MS. Developing growth media for specific and unique cultivars is complex and time-consuming. Currently, improved experimental design and using statistical softwares allow much more efficient approaches to be utilized for the improvement of micropropagation media and conditions. Improving of growth medium for in vitro propagation of plants depends on type and quantities of mineral nutrients and plant growth regulators as important ones. The existence of statistical softwares to manage effective factors is very needed to access an optimized growth medium for in vitro propagation of plants. Design Expert is used as auxiliary software to identify essential factors in in vitro culture. Since the in vitro proliferation parameters of Pyrus communis cv. ʽ Shekariʼ need to optimize for growth better, we were designed and performed a multifactor surface response experiment by Design Expert software to following two goals. First, to find optimized amount of some elements in medium and second, to show the response surface method can be useful for improving in vitro culture. Materials and methods: One experiment was designed by Design Expert software and was performed to improve in vitro proliferated shoots of Pyrus communis cv. ʽ Shekariʼ . Shoots were grown in a modified MS medium (supplement with 1 mg l-1 of N6-benzyladenine) were used for this experiment. The experiment was included 20 model points randomly based on three nutritional factors: NH4NO3 (0. 5-1. 5×), Fe (0. 5-1. 5×) and micro nutrients (1-2×) in different concentration of their MS amounts. Media enriched with sucrose (30 g l-1) and agar (8 g l-1) after pH adjustment at 5. 7. Cultures were grown at 25° C under a 16-h photoperiod with 70– 90 μ M m-2 s-1 irradiance provided by a combination of cool-and warm-white fluorescent bulbs and were transferred to new medium every 3 weeks. Several responses were recorded after two months: Proliferated shoot number, proliferated shoot length (cm), total leaf number, leaf chlorophyll a (mg g-1), leaf carotenoids (mg g-1), and vegetative growth (cm). responses for each point were the mean of 5 replicates. Experimental design, model evaluation, and analysis were done by Design-Expert® 8 (2010) software and the highest-order polynomial model that was significant for each response was used for ANOVA. Results and Discussion: Factors statistically were significant for responses according to ANOVA in linear, 2FI and quadratic models. Reduced NH4NO3 (×0. 5) and enhanced Fe (×1. 5) induced the higher number of proliferated shoots up to 4. 43 folds of control according a quadratic model. NH4NO3 and Fe×Micro had negative liner relationships with shoot length, while leaf number negatively was affected by micros. Fe and NH4NO3 were effective factors on leaf chlorophyll a and carotenoids contents. Increasing Fe (×1. 5) and decreasing NH4NO3 (×0. 5) led to 2 folds higher production of chlorophyll a and carotenoids. Vegetative growth of Pyrus communis cv. ʽ Shekariʼ in a quadratic-order method (negatively controlled by NH4NO3 and micros) increased by high values of proliferated shoot number and shoot length induced by reduced NH4NO3 (×0. 5). Optimized amount of three studied factors based on two important responses, maximum amount of proliferated shoot number and length, were 0. 9, 1 and 0. 5× for Fe, micro and NH4NO3 in MS medium, respectively. Conclusions: Design Expert software and response surface method were used successfully for in vitro optimizing of Pyrus communis cv. ʽ Shekariʼ regenerated shoots. Fe, Micro and NH4NO3, were the effective factors for shoot regeneration responses in linear, 2FI and quadratic models. The multifactor investigation in surface response design will enable us to predict an optimal medium for several effective factors and estimate suitable responses. Outputs of these types of experiments provide a suitable background to increase optimization accuracy for future experiments.

Introduction: Nowadays, with the development of imaging systems and image processing algorithms, a new branch of agriculture and food industry quality control has emerged. Meat and related products have high commercial value and they are one of the most important items of household food basket (Jackman et al., 2011). The apparent color of the meat is one of the most important ranking factors which determines the quality and marketing value (Ramirez and Cava, 2007; Shiranita et al., 2000). …

Selection of the optimal tolerance for the components is one of the most important and complex issues in the design of the parts and products especially in sensitive and accurate industries (like as aerospace).Generally the design engineers tend to consider close tolerances in terms of product performances and high reliability, on the contrary to manufacturing engineers that used to open tolerances because of easier, cheaper and practicality of manufacturing processes. Study the balance between tolerance and other factors affecting it, such as quality, cost and production, is the most important issue in this case.In this regard, there are numerous articles and methods. In this paper we use the tools of statistics and mathematics as "response surface method", first method of diagnosis of the critical tolerances describes and then tolerance of the optimal allocation-in case the cost of production or quality characteristic is optimized- has been examined